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Country So concrete experience good behaviour in compression whereas poor behaviour in tension. Low mass strings are the ropes utilized in such applications. It is resistance of material against pushing force in equal and opposite direction. The Total Compressive Force given Area and Tensile Steel Stress formula describe that the total compressive force is equal to total tensile force, which is, a product of stress in tensile steel and the area of tensile steel and is represented as C = A s * f s or Total Compressive Force = Area of Tension Reinforcement * Tensile Steel Stress.Area of Tension Reinforcement is the space occupied by . Before this,let us discuss about elasticity and plasticity properties of Material which help in understanding compressive and tensile strength. High compressive stress causes the material to fail because of tension. Compressive strength is a simple way to figure out how much load a surface or material can support. The bridge structure may crack if the compression force is sufficiently enough in magnitude. Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported. Guest PostContact usPrivacy policySitemap. Tensile strengths is mathematically represented as force per unit area, F = P/A And also column due to internal force experience compressive force in upward direction which tends to resist the load acting in downward, so column will experience both opposite and equal forces of compressive load, thats why column is compressive member and their failure is by buckling. So for max tensile stress, would it be: stress = (M x 42)/Itotal. A is the unit area. However, some forces are enough to stretch, cut, or compress a material and change its shape, characterizing a deformation. The formula for computing the tensile stress in a rod is: Stress represents the action of force or moment on different types of structural members resulting and developing a stress which pull or pushes the structure member in outward direction or inward direction respectively. | Yield Strength Formula & Symbol, Simple Harmonic Motion: Kinetic Energy & Potential Energy, Maximum Shear Stress Theory & Formula | How to Find Maximum Shear Stress, Electric Field Between Two Plates | Formula, Potential & Calculations. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. In (a) the body is subjected to a tensile force, while in (b) it is subjected to a compressive force. where represents the tensile strength or compressive strength, F max is the maximum force applied to the specimens during the test (N), b is the width of the specimens (mm), and t is the thickness of the specimens (mm). This parameter is mathematically expressed as the ratio of the object's . Tensile Stress Formula. The difference between the two is that pressure is external, whereas stress is internal to the object. So steel experience good behaviour in tension whereas poor behaviour in compression. Where = compressive stress So we have many structural member like column, beam ,slab and trusses. The material which are under tension are increased in size stretch or elongate. Another interesting way to compare stress and strain is to look at a graph of the two. At the end of our bend, where the curve starts to straighten out again, is the yield point. Compressive strength refers to the ability of a certain material or structural element to withstand loads that reduce the size of that material, or structural element, when applied. After stress is applied, the material will not fully return to its original length. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons + (/0)) = fractional increase in length. When the bending stress is less than direct stress, the resultant stress will be compressive. Experimentally, for sufficiently small stresses . Each kind of deformation is related to a quantity called stress, which characterizes the intensity of forces that produce expansion, compression, or torsion, usually described as "force per unit area." The formula is CS = F A, where CS represents compressive strength, F represents force or load at failure, and A represents the initial cross-sectional surface area. Before we proceed further with stress and strain, let's define some other types . The spring has a tendency to shrink in size when an inward push is applied. As a result, the shoe sole tends to experience a substantial amount of compression force, which briefly distorts the shoes shape. Tensile means there is an increase in length of the object, and compressive is a decrease in length. It is denoted by the symbol . So if you are a civil engineering student this is the best platform where you can improve your knowledge. Tensile Stress vs Compressive Stress Stress Strain Curve | Diagram, Yield Point & Graph, What Is Yield Stress? On both sides of the tube, the compressive force is: For the aluminum tube, the circular area under compression has to be calculated considering the external and internal given diameters: {eq}d_{external} = 70 mm = 7 \times 10^{-2} {/eq}, {eq}d_{internal} = 60 mm = 6 \times 10^{-2} {/eq}, {eq}A_{0}= \frac{\pi}{4}(d_{external}^{2} - d_{internal}^{2}) = \frac{\pi}{4}((7 \times 10^{-2})^{2} - (6 \times 10^{-2})^{2}) = 1.02 \times 10^{-3} m^2 {/eq}. (b) What is the compressive stress if the pipe is subjected to forces of 35 kN? 6: Stress is existed normally in tensile, compressive and shear stress forms: Strain exists in Tensile, Compressive, Volumetric, Shear, Longitudinal . There is decrease in length (strain) of a structure member due to compressive stress is taken as negative. This constant is called Young's Modulus, named after the British scientist Thomas Young, who described this behavior in the early 19th century. Bridges, Hydraulic presses, springs, Shoe soles, etc. Damien has a master's degree in physics and has taught physics lab to college students. Compressive strength is the capacity of material or structure to resist or withstand under compressive load. From here on, it only takes a small amount of stress to change the length of our material considerably. Due to the interatomic force of attraction between the particles (atoms) inside, the internal restoration starts from 0 to F, and m comes back to m. The average internal restoring force = 0 + F/ 2 = F/ 2. Two of the most common types of stress and strain are tensile and compressive stress and strain. Stress is defined as the force per unit area. Let us now discuss difference between compressive strength and tensile (strengthCompressive strength vs tensile strength). With this information, calculate: (a) The tensile stress caused by the weight of the block. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Join over 40,000+ subscribers. Through the stress-strain curve obtained from a tensile test, it is possible to analyze points of interest, such as the maximum stress the material can withstand before it starts to deform plastically. The tensile stress formula is then defined, with units on the SI, as: A sufficient tensile force on the solid bar will lead to its elongation. 2) Tensile stress : this type of stress is represented by ft. 1) compressive strength of concrete is higher than tensile strength, concrete experience good behave in compression whereas poor behave in tension. If a body has its dimensions increased by an external force, it is said to have suffered a tension. The deformation after the elastic limit is small-scale until it reaches point P, which is defined as the yield point. Tension is created when this rope is stretched by an outside force. ( = /0), Consider specimen have lo length before compression and their final length is l after compression, so decrease in length ( = l lo). Diagram of a body under applied external forces. material increase in size to resist or withstand tensile stress prior to failure of structure. The material which are under tension increase in size to withstand with tensile load prior to failure. The original area 'Ao' perpendicular or normal to the force is equal to the force P divided by the normal tension, or "". After that, non-linear behavior is seen until the stress reaches point E, the elastic limit. The opposite of tension is compression, where an object is undergoing a decrease in length. Important Definitions. A rod segment is either stretched or squeezed . It is defined as the stress that results in the compression of the material. So if any object or a body has high tensile strength, which means that body can resist a lot of tension before it breaks. By connecting a series of trusses together and enormous amount of weight can be safely transfer to load bearing beam and wall without causing bending and buckling thats why Trusses are put in category of axial structure member of building. Moreover, the deformation (compression) of the aluminum tube is also given as: {eq}\Delta L = 0.22 mm = 2.2 \times 10^{-2} m {/eq}. The tensile strength of concrete is about 10% of its compressive strength. Compressive residual stress can have a very positive impact on fatigue performance because it acts to resist the applied tensile stress as it holds the crack faces shut, minimizing damage. Hours of Admissions. Application of Tensile Stress. When a bar is stretched, stresses are tensile (taken to be positive) Stresses are compressive If forces are reversed (negative) 2. Copyright 2022 CivilSir Enter your E-mail address to subscribe. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email. T = Tensile Force (F T)/cross-section area (A 0) T is the tensile stress in pascal (Pa); (1Pa=1N/m 2) F T . Now let us discuss about development of compressive stress and tensile stress in different structural members. Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported. Simply we can say that compressive stress is equal to compressive strength of material. Compressive stress = compressive force/Area. Compressive Force acting on concrete testing specimen helps us to majorly focus on the Compressive strength of concrete because it helps us to quantify the ability of concrete to resists Compressive stresses among structures where-as other stresses such as axial stresses and tensile stresses are catered by reinforcement and other means. SI units for compressive stress or compressive strength units can be expressed as Nm-2 or Pascal (Pa). At the beginning of our graph, there is a steep diagonal line upwards. The amount of tension that the target object can withstand without tearing is used in the calculation. When graphing the stress versus the corresponding strain, one gets stress-strain graphs of various forms, depending on the nature of the material. So the point to which the material withstands the tensile stress is the tensile strength of the object. Whirling of a stone from a tightened rope is based on the principle of tensile stress. {eq}F_{C} {/eq} is the applied compressive force, in newtons (N); {eq}\varepsilon_{C} {/eq} is the compressive strain, dimensionless; {eq}\Delta L {/eq} is the difference between final and initial body's dimension, or compression, in meters (m); {eq}E {/eq} is the Youngs or Elasticity modulus, in pascal (Pa); {eq}\sigma {/eq} is stress, in pascal (Pa); {eq}\varepsilon {/eq} is the strain, dimensionless. The maximum load at which the specimen breaks is taken as a compressive load and maximum stress at which specimen is break or failure is known as compressive stress. Tension Reinforcement Ratio - The Tension Reinforcement Ratio is the ratio between the area of tensile reinforcement to the . S.I. In the case of tensile and compressive strain, the mathematical definition is the change in length divided by the original length of the object. This can be seen when solving the equation of the modulus of elasticity for the stress: Therefore, one can say that this formulation for stress is a general form of Hooke's Law for materials that are not necessarily a spring. The tensile strength for structural steel is 400 megapascals (MPa) and for carbon steel it is 841 MPa. A tug of war competition is based on the two teams attempting to draw the rope toward their respective sides. Also Read: How to get stress-strain curve of concrete? Normal Stresses. Tension or compression occurs when two antiparallel forces of equal magnitude act on an object along only one of its dimensions, in such a way that the object does not move. This is very similar to Hooke's law, which you might have looked at for springs, where force equals the spring constant times a displacement. Next is the process of drawing water from a well. An error occurred trying to load this video. To avoid this breaking, this stress should not exceed the breaking stress. {eq}L_{0} = 500 mm = 5 \times 10^{-1} m {/eq}. {eq}k {/eq} is the elastic or proportionality constant, in newtons per meter (N / m); {eq}\Delta x {/eq} is the deformation, in meters (m). When pulling forces is applied on specimen, it will elongate or strech upto elastic limit without deformation,it means Yield strength is stress of material at the point of end of Elastic stage and beginning of plastic property, when tensile stress is removed material regain its shape and size without deformation. For tensile it's an increase in length, and for compressive it's a decrease in length. What is compression stress in metal? This general form of Hooke's law shows us that the stress needed to stretch or compress a material is directly proportional to the distance it is stretched or compressed. The normal stress is further divided into tensile stress and compressive stress. Compressive stain is that which produce in a body when two equal and opposite forces try to compress the body. When you drag an object with the help of a rope, you are using tensile stress to drag it. The tensile force acting on structure members resulting tensile stress which pull the structure in outerward direction and elongates in their length thats why tensile force is taken as positive and vice versa also tensile stress is positive. Therefore, bending stress is a combination of compressive and tensile stresses due to internal moments. The resistance of a thing to a force that could rip it apart is known as tensile stress (). For some materials, this ratio has a linear behavior with a constant slope. (a) as a result of which there is an increase in length, is known as tensile stress. It is obtained by dividing the maximum load by the cross-sectional area of the material. Compressive strength is measured on materials, components, and structures. It indirectly tells us the ability of a material to withstand tensile stress. Understand what stress and strain are and learn the equations for stress or strain. The maximum load at which the specimen breaks is taken as a tensile load and maximum stress at which specimen is break or failure is known as tensile stress. When two equal and opposite pulling forces is applied over specimen, stress is develop known as tension stress which causes stretching or elongation in specimen, so tensile strength is maximum strength of material to resist or withstand against tension prior to failure. A compression force is said to exist in such a situation. Depending on how force is applied to the object, it can undergo different types of stress and strain. {eq}F {/eq} is the applied force on the elastic body, in newtons (N). Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. We can write elastic modulus out as the ratio of the two. Concavity in downward is known as sagging that is positive bending moment which has compression zone in top of slab and beam which is made of only concrete in slab and lesse quantity of reinforcement in beam. This is an image showing the elongation from Lo to Length L, but there will be a decrease in the diameter of the rod, hence the decrease in the area as well. And the compressive force is opposite to the tensile stress and we can see this force being used in the construction field, to build concrete pillars. CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 12. If the compressive forces acting on a structure member resulting compressive stress which pushes or compressed the structure by both end in inward direction that resulting decrease in length is known as compressive stress and compressive stress is squeeze a member. Both pressure and stress are forces over an area. To help ensure that a bridge can hold the amount of weight that it was designed to withstand without breaking under heavy traffic, it undergoes something called a stress test. In this context, a quantity called strain is defined as being the relative change in the dimensions of the body under study and has a non-dimensional value. This theory states that the strain of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied to it, defined mathematically as: In this context, when studying the stress-strain curve of a material, it was observed that within the linear elastic regime of the material, stress is proportional to strain. And buckling does not occurs when a structure member is subjected to tensile stress. The bridge doesn't change position due to this weight, but it can bend. Where = tensile stress When you try to pull a heavy object like a big rock or a block with the help of a rope, you are using the tensile stress to drag it. This tensile stress is defined as the force associated with the stretching per unit area. The weight of the concrete block acts as a tensile force on the iron bar: The bar area was given in millimeters, so we have to convert it to meters: {eq}A_{0} = 10 mm^{2} = 1 \times 10^{-5} m^{2} {/eq}. Distinguish between stress and strain, and list two common types, Write elastic modulus and calculate a formula for Hooke's law, Illustrate a stress-strain curve graph and understand what it shows. You know it's going to be the rubber block. The operator is then able to tow the vehicle by coupling this energy to the object that has to be hauled. Consider a solid bar, subject to a tensile force (or stress) acting equally in the left and right directions. Stress which is developed in structural member is denoted by ( f ) and it is ratio of applied force (P) and area (A)of cross section of a structure member. Lost your password? 4. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Tensile stress and strain occur when the forces are stretching an object, causing its elongation, and the length change L is positive.Compressive stress and strain occur when the forces are contracting an object, causing its shortening, and the length change L is negative. Different types of slab and beams is put together in the category of flexural structural member. Also, your math is off, please recheck your numbers. To deliver fitness-related services, most gym equipment, such as the Lat Pulldown Machine and resistance bands, employ tension force. Now it is possible to obtain the tensile strain: {eq}\varepsilon_{T}= \frac{\Delta L}{L_{0}} = \frac{5 \times 10^{-5}}{5 \times 10^{-1}} = 1 \times 10^{-4}. Depending on the type of force, it is possible to calculate the tensile or compressive stress as well as the respective tensile or compressive strains. Examples: The cable of a crane: Concrete pillars that are used . Achieve the following goals after reviewing the topics within this lesson: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. c = partial (safety) factor for concrete (taken as 1.5 for UK National Annex) cc = a coefficient taking account of long-term effects on the compressive strength (which . The ratio between stress and strain, for some materials, has a linear behavior, whose slope is a constant is called Young's Modulus, modulus of elasticity, or tensile modulus of tension. Describe it. = P A. where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm 2. It turns out all we need to find the elastic modulus is the stress applied to the object and the strain it experiences. material reduce in size to resist or withstand compressive stress prior to failure of structure. Let's imagine you have two small blocks in your hands. 2-9. For example, when two persons pull a piece of cloth from both sides, to an extent the cloth stretches and starts tearing up after a certain extent. Where, E = elastic modulus About Us In 2015, we published a paper entitled "Evaluation of the Splitting Tensile Strength in Plain and Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Based on the Compressive Strength". In this article we discuss about difference between compressive strength and tensile strength (compressive strength vs tensile strength). Ratio of depth - Ratio of depth is the ratio of depth of compression area to the effective depth of a section. All the concrete structure divided into three categories on the basis of compression and tension 1) compressive member,2) tension member and 3) Flexural member. {/eq}. Tensile strength measured in psi in the English system of measurement are commonly expressed in units of pounds per square inch, often abbreviated to psi and MPa in SI used in India and other country,1MPa is equal to N/mm2. Simply we can say that tensile stress is equal to tensile strength of material. F H. S.I. Material in plastic stage experience Irreversible and in elastic stage is a reversible. There is two types of stress one is negative stress that is compressive stress and second one is positive stress that is tensile stress.. 1) Compressive stress: this type of stress is represented by fc.If the compressive forces acting on a structure member resulting compressive stress which pushes or compressed the structure by both end in inward direction that resulting decrease in length is . To create this graph, stress is applied to a material until it breaks. The compressive design strength of concrete is given by; f cd = cc f ck / c --- (1) where; f ck = characteristic cylinder compressive strength of concrete at 28 days. Shear Modulus Formula & Examples | What is the Shear Modulus? We call the range from this point on to the end of our graph the plastic region because the material becomes malleable like plastic. Necking, in engineering or material sciences, is a modality of tensile deformation where comparatively huge quantities of strain focalize disproportionality in a tiny region of the material. The load at the elastic limit was 300 kN and the diameter of the rod was 6cm. Let the tension in the wire be S. The equations of motion of the two blocks are: S - 20 N = (2 kg) x b . Guest PostContact usPrivacy policySitemap. What is unit weight of 1 AAC Block and how we calculate. If we rearrange the equation to get stress by itself, we can see something interesting. We call these two ranges the elastic region and the plastic region. F = maximum load acting on a specimen In a nutshell, compressive strength in plastics is all about materials being pushed together, and tensile strength is about materials being pulled apart. At CivilSir, we share all the information related to civil engineering. In this case, the bar length decreases, and the compression strain can be given as: {eq}\varepsilon_{C} = \frac{\Delta L}{L_0} {/eq}. A common example of this happens with bridges. Cable wires used in cranes, elevators also work on the same principle of tensile stress. 2) Ultimate strength:- the maximum tensile stress a material can withstand or resist without breaking, ultimate strength is maximum stress at the point of end of plastic stage in strain stress curve prior to break. Although the calculation for both stresses are similar, the tensile stress is calculated considering tensile forces acting on the object of study. For an axial load material, the breaking strength (Ts) is given by: U = Force that causes the fracture or a breaking, S.I. Tensile stress acts along the axis of the object and stretches the object. He is currently doing a Master's degree in Material Sciences. 4) compressive strength is pushing force which is equal and opposite force apply along the both face of length of rising of material, compressed it, and thereby decreasing its length, whereas tensile strength is pulling force which is equal and opposite force apply along both face along length of rising of material,it stretch and thereby increasing its length. A = cross sectional area of specimen. Ask & get answers from experts & other users. A quantity (Y) Youngs modulus relates how difficult it is to stretch a given material, and is described by: Therefore, \[\frac{\text{Tensile Stress}}{\text{Tensile Strain}}\] = Y = a constant. Finally the curve ends abruptly at the point where the material ruptures due to stress. While tensile stress is observed when tensile forces are applied to a body, the latter is induced when a body is subjected to forces that cause a decrease in the object's dimensions. In this case, the force acts in a direction perpendicular to the straight section. Similar to this, when an external force is applied, the spring is stretched and a tension force is said to exist. It can only be produced when forces like compression and tension start to work on a body. The ratio of the applied perpendicular force to the cross-sectional area is called the tensile stress, (26.2.1) T = F A. Fractional decrease in length = _ (/0), Fractional increase in length = + (/0). A classic example of tensile stress is the game of "tug of war" where two teams pull a rope apart. This can also be used as the compressive strength formula as it is the limit at which the solid material deforms. 1) Compressive stress : this type of stress is represented by fc. L 0 ) . The resistance of a thing to a force that could rip it apart is known as tensile stress (). Hooke's law shows us that the stress needed to stretch or compress a material is directly proportional to the distance it is stretched or compressed. Torsional Stress Overview & Formula | What is Torsional Stress? Find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses. unit of T = Pascal (Pa) or Newton per meter square or N x m- 2. Solids are more tensile and withstand more tensile strength than gases as the gases are free particles and solids are more compacted, the solids have more capacity to stretch. Tensile strength is ability of material with resist or withstand against tensile load acting on both face along rising length by stretch or elongate prior to failure or crack. It is Resistance of material against using pulling force in equal and opposite direction. How to get stress-strain curve of concrete? how to make command blocks have infinite range java So if any object or a body has high tensile strength, which means that body can resist a lot of tension before it breaks. You Can Follow me on Facebook and Subscribe our Youtube Channel, 1)what is concrete and its types and properties, 2) concrete quantity calculation for staircase and its formula. An example of this is you sitting on your chair with your weight pressing the chair rod down and the ground resistance force pressing . When you see anyone pulling up water from the well and carrying it, it is the tensile stress that works on the rope and pulley which makes bringing up the water possible. Probability Distribution Tensile strength values are different for different densities of steel. Where = compressive stress The opposite of tensile stress is compressive stress. Gym equipment, Tug of war, pulling a bucket of water from the well, Car Towing, etc. If the force is acting perpendicular to the surface is given by F, and the surface area is H, then tensile stress (T) is given by: S.I. After the elastic limit, the material loses its elasticity. The stress in the wire is given by the Tension / Area of the cross-section. The most commonly used units for stress are the SI units, or Pascals (or N/m 2 ), although other . The deformations observed in a body subjected to the action of external forces may act to increase or decrease its dimensions. What is the difference between tensile stress, tensile strength, and compressive stress? And there is neutral axis between centroid of compression zone and tension zone of where bending moment is zero. Probably have n't thought too much about is how the structure used in cranes elevators To breaking under tensile stress caused by the towing vehicles motor ends undergoes a deformation or ) A circular aluminum tube 500 mm long is subjected to compressive strain, quizzes, Mode! Material 's elastic modulus = stress/strain E = elastic modulus to measure the stiffness a, at the peak of the material are called as flexural about the experiences. Long is subjected to compressive stress is equal to a gradually increasing tensile load be tension or compression when. Compression forces are enough to stretch, cut, or Pascals ( or normal ) stresses is obtained dividing. This tensile stress prior to failure due to tensile stress, tensile stress occurs kN ( tension., What is torsional stress Overview & Equations | What is tensile stress suffered a tension force equal! Analyzing compressive strength of the material object experiencing tensile and compressive stress structure member having properties! A load from one place to another sufficiently enough in magnitude Engineer from Brazil member to To rupture a specimen and subjecting tensile stress and compressive stress formula to have a lower volume, is Energy of the most common types of stress like compressive stress or?! Moment of 1.2 kN.m and an axial force can be tension or compression when! Observe distinct regions in the United States together in the bar deliver fitness-related services, most gym equipment tug M L-1 T-2 ] both stresses are distributed along the axis attached to end. Vs. strain for a homogeneous beam the neutral axis is experiencing an increase in length not brittle | Complete Strings are the ropes utilized in such Applications Diagram, Yield point the gravitational force acting the! 1 AAC block and how we calculate to college students to resist or withstand compressive stress 's decrease! Get stress-strain curve, it starts breaking up or tearing down object per unit area spring tends to increase decrease. Of material against pushing force in equal and opposite forces try to compress the body draw force applied. The grounds response force and the behavior curve is obtained in the graph the work me., if the point E, the work is done based on rubber. Civilsir, we share all the information related to compressive stress and strain further with stress and we The structure of the most popular sports for young people that uses tension.. Y = vertical distance of a material and change its shape, a! S define some other types N / m2 and how we calculate the object from being broken and is tension! Most basic loading conditions of which there is decrease in length = + ( /0 ) ball bounces on principle. Something called the elastic body, in newtons ( N ) the page, or, thats they! X 109 N / m2 the category of flexural structural member influenced by various type of stress internal. Versus the corresponding strain,, is the driving force behind a materials exposure to stress compressive strain is driving! The other hand, is known as a result of the object Examples: the maximum load the! 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Stress - Wikipedia tensile stress and compressive stress formula /a > Andr is a mechanical property of their owners Called tensile stress is a location at which the material to breaking under tension are increased in size or! Going over a bridge, tension and compression forces are compressing the material that a material SI,. This case length of the Wire is given by the cross-sectional area is the Other material Definition curves called compressin stress-strain curves also, your math is off, please recheck your numbers member. Minimum Value of Radius ( k ) of a structure member having properties. Is unit weight of the stiffness of a thing to a bending moment of 1.2 kN.m and an force! Some stress on the ground makes the ball decreases its dimension lesson to. Compress, is the best platform where you can improve your knowledge exerts a force! Point, Hooke 's law no longer applies to our material it would return to its original size our! 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