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ISSN: 1556-1550. From Isolation to Intimacy, Making Friends without Words. Two principles of communication: co-regulation and framing. At the same time, the reliance on detailed baseline data meant that the patterns of behaviour that were being identified were patterns of very small behaviours, behaviours that might ordinarily remain unobserved. Scope of Research: Grounded theoretical research attempts to describe or explore a specific issue. In view of the fact that these micro-communications were predominantly gestures, marginal vocalisations, alterations of eye gaze and inflections of body parts, behaviours which are easily missed or at least not consciously registered in real interaction, the use of video constituted a way of seeing what had not been seen before. Following the 50th anniversary wish of GTs co-founder Dr. Barney Glaser, we would like to see a conglomerate of new grounded theories that span a wide array of disciplines and topics and that demonstrate general applicability and conceptual strengths in diverse social contexts. In the context of thick description of an event, he notes that the descriptions were thicker than most (Schonfeld ,1992, p. 209). As explained above, the videotape was analyzed by running it at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed the action of 1/24th of a second. Thus, detailed analysis demonstrated the interdependence of each person in the communication process. This was the process that is described thus in sorting, the analyst is constantly moving back and forth between memos and a potential outline working with it so everything fits (Glaser, 1978, p. 118). Watzlawick P, Bavelas J. and Jackson D. (1967). Grounded Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Interpreted data and vaguing out are the least accurate data form. Schonfeld A.H. (1992). Sociology Press. As the analysis progressed and as the core category and the eventual vertical structures of the theory (the seven categories) emerged, the memos became more sophisticated. This was by no means a comprehensive list of behaviours but it illustrates typical macro and micro-behaviours that occur in this type of interaction. Classic grounded theory (CGT) was chosen as the preferred method for the study because so little was known about the patterns of communication that were inherent in what the study participants did. The aim of this paper is to describe the method that was used in the study. Some weak points are only vulnerable to certain damage types, such as eye weak points being vulnerable to only Stabbing damage. There are doubts as to whether the collection of audio recorded data facilitates the development of a grounded theory. In short, the verbal-behavioural data juncture may reveal accurate detailed description of the behaviour that is observed or it may not. Subjects, data and videotapes. Washington DC., American Psychiatric Association. They continue until they reach sample saturation, in which no new information upsets . The narrative was embedded in the transcription structure such that precise sequences of communication and interaction were clearly identifiable. The key issue then is that both the person with the intellectual disability and the person who does not have the disability are predisposed to mutually misinterpret each others communications. Typically it took five and half hours to transcribe one minute of Tony and Marys (one of the dyads) video and this covered 11 pages of transcript. Bradshaw J. All is data. They require virtually total care in terms of assistance in activities of daily living (Cascella, 2005), they often have accompanying secondary disabilities such as epilepsy, physical disability or mental health difficulties (Nakken and Vlaskampf, 2007) and they do not use speech, but generally interact using non-verbal communications (Hogg et al., 2001). 45:18-29. Sociology Press. Some weapons come pre-augmented, such as the Mint Mace, Salt Morning Star, Spicy Coaltana, and all elemental arrows. However, functionally, the primary practical concern that they have is how to communicate with a complex and at times forbidding world. Grounded theory offers the researcher the benefit of approaching a study without predetermined ideas of what he/she will find in relation to the social phenomena under investigation. However, as the interaction was analyzed 24 times per second, the precise record of how a persons gaze shifted from one focus to another was identifiable, as was the movement of the persons attention from one stimulus to another and the resulting changes in eye gaze and other interactions of the second person in the dyad. The theory suggests that the process of attuning regulates communication. A good example of dense data is a sequential analysis of shifting eye gaze patterns between two people. Such lengthy data analysis is not untypical. This can induce the Hawthorne effect (Heacock et al., 1996), which suggests that the presence of the researcher affects the people being observed (Polit and Hungler, 1999) and therefore the observed behaviours are changed because an observer is seen to be watching. This took the group (the number of whom is not specified in the report) 18 months to analyze 7 hours of video. Trinity College, Dublin. There are 6 different damage types in the game, but the sixth type, Generic, acts as a "neutral" type, with no creatures being weak nor resistant to it. The 25 minutes of videotaped observational data in this study detailed more than 1000 incidents comprising 36,000 data points. Lippincott. In order to manage the mass of recorded data, just two of the three recordings were examined and between them selected episodes of interaction were examined, which yielded 25 minutes of data which were transcribed and analyzed. Lastly, this study found, as others have done, that the linkage of video and classic grounded theory provides a method which has the potential to uncover patterns of human behaviours which previously were not evident and thus to explain what is happening in complex social situations (Nilsson, 2012). Creating a responsive environment for people with profound and multiple learning difficulties. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. As previously mentioned, this method is typically used when a . Mill Valley. Dense data typically contains subtle communicative behaviour. It has been noted that the examination through the use of video of fine detailed nuanced expressions such as these, opens the way to the analysis of interactions and micro-behaviours that occur at other levels than that of the obvious activity that is evident in real time interaction (Nilsson, 2012). In undertaking this study, I took as the starting point Watzlawick et al.s (1967) statement that observation of non-verbal behaviours has been shown to offer a powerful insight into the meaning that people place on an interaction. As a result, in some interaction sequences several behaviours could be identified as occurring in a very short period of time, with the result that a very fine detail of what happened in the communication was evident. Because grounded theory research is collection method neutral (Glaser, 2007, p. 20), as a research method, it can conceptualise any form of data. Ware J (2003). Two of these recordings yielded 25 minutes of video, which was transcribed into narrative format. The Grounded Theory Review 6 (2):1-22. It also enabled the patterns in the data to be identified. Theoretical Sensitivity. Journal of the Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. (Personal communication). Please submit your paper no later than April 1 for the June edition and September 15 for the December edition. 6:6-15. The check sheet was based on the relevant literature but also on discussions with Jenny Wilder, who had conducted similar observations of young children with intellectual disability (Wilder, 2005). Heritage J. 2 179-214. Once coding of the data commenced the codes were tracked by physically moving and amending hard copies of each code as the code evolved and as its location within the emerging theory became clear. In all, over 200 memos were written. To sum up this section, video enables data to be collected that is permanently on record, that can be very complex or dense and that can be analyzed precisely in fine detail. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 4:48-66. (2001). The increasing sophistication of the memos was in many ways the key to the process and it enabled an understanding of how a minutely detailed micro-communication such as a glance from one person to another might form part of a macro-theory which explains how the attention process (of which eye gaze is one small part) operates. Players can take advantage of creatures' elemental weaknesses by imbuing weapons with Damage Augments at the Smithing Station using various elemental globs and jewels. Brown Walker Press. American Psychiatric Association (2000). The fruit of this process was the fine-grained detail of incidents and sequences in behaviour that constituted the transcription and formed the basis for the data analysis. As well as being non-verbal, people with this severe degree of disability have only a restricted capacity to communicate in any mode (Grove et al., 1999). Given that interaction is dyadic and may be viewed as a continuous process of social coordination (Fogel, 1993), the main concern of both the person with PIMD and the non disabled person is to understand the nature of this continuous communication process in order to communicate effectively with the other person. Video offered a possibility of examining these behaviours and those of the non-disabled partner in detail, with the consequence that the grounded theoretical analysis made it possible to identify the main concern of the participants. However, that precision was only made possible because of another aspect of video, namely its permanence which meant that it could be viewed as many times as required and in many different ways. Philadelphia. The Grounded Theory Perspective: Conceptualization Contrasted with Description. The lack of knowledge of what concerned people with these difficulties, and how they interacted, meant that the researcher approached the research question with an open mind as to what might be found. Glaser B (2007). Nursing Research 45(6):336-338. The nature of people with such severe disabilities is that they cannot interact in an ordinarily recognised manner; they have little or no speech and their non-verbal behaviours tend to be idiosyncratic. Players can take advantage of creatures' elemental weaknesses by imbuing weapons with Damage Augments at the Smithing Station using various elemental globs and jewels. The database of the Grounded Theory Review now contains more than a hundred articles on classic grounded theoriesfrom either a methodological or a theoretical perspective. This awareness of small events was facilitated by the development of a list of possible target behaviours that would constitute baseline data. (1993). Weak Points are unique areas on some creatures that deal critical damage when hit. Wilder J. Video permits the fine-grained, detailed nature of the data that is; its density to be made explicit (Latvala et al., 2000). Attuning: A theory of interaction of people with severe and profound intellectual and multiple disability and their carers. In Nadel J and Camaioni L, (Eds). However, staff must interpret what they understand of the communications of the person with intellectual disability so that they can act as advocates and facilitators for them (Grove et al., 1999). Glaser B. Thus, grounded theory avoids preconceived assumptions, offering a more neutral view of understanding human action in a social context (Simmons, 2006). There is evidence that staff who work with people with PIMD frequently use complex language and plentiful verbal communications when interacting (Bradshaw, 2001). Routledge. Three dyads composed of a student/teacher or carer and a person with a severe or profound intellectual disability were observed in a variety of different activities that took place in a school. However, video unveils this world of nuanced expressions and makes these communicative behaviours amenable to interpretation. Communication Disorders Quarterly. The consequence of my presence in the classroom setting was that I took the role of observer as participant (Speziale and Carpenter, 2007), which led to minimal participation in the action. Jessica Kingsley. Damage Weaknesses and Resistances are secondary factors that can affect the damage a specific weapon deals to a certain creature. The Grounded Theory Perspective 3: Theoretical coding. Accurate descriptions of what is going on run a poor second to socially structured fictions (Glaser 2001, p. 146). In order to achieve these goals, I sought to make a detailed description of observed communications and behaviours of both the person with a profound intellectual and multiple disability and his or her keyworker. This paper has considered how grounded theory may be utilized as a mechanism for the analysis of observational qualitative data that is derived from videotaped interactions. Are you working on a formal theory, or are you reflecting on a methodological issue? Mill Valley. 26:156-162. Video was the tool used to collect the data, and this approach to data collection, combined with a meticulous analysis of the videotapes, revealed the micro-behaviours that constitute the basic building blocks of dyadic communication. The problem is that the accurate ascription of meaning to anothers interaction is difficult for both parties. Target behaviours in unstructured interaction research. It was interesting to note that a repeated behaviour of one individual in many cases elicited different reactions from others depending on whom that individual was interacting with. For example, people with such severe degrees of disability may do things slowly, pause unexpectedly or indeed produce very few behaviours (Ware, 2003), making understanding of the significance of their behaviours problematic. Glaser B. Lippincott. Polity press. Heritage concurs with this view and notes that attaining a high level of precision is enabled by videotaped data (Heritage, 1984). In order to overcome this danger during the data analysis I constantly looked for patterns in the data and was aware of the injunction that grounded theory is based on a latent structure analysis approach using a concept indicator model that yields emergent theoretical frameworks that the researcher must stay open to (Glaser, 2005, p. 5). Equally, persons with profound intellectual and multiple disability interpret and react to staff behaviours and communications. Features of Grounded Theory. The fieldwork for the study took place in a school for adolescents and young adults with PIMD in Ireland. In order to achieve this aim video recording was used. Qualitative Research In Nursing. Schonfeld asked the research group to analyze the behaviours that they saw. He or she may offer a stimulus to the other person in the dyad, to which the other may attend and then action may follow. Indeed, it is suggested that it may actively hinder it (Glaser, 1998), largely because it promotes descriptive completeness rather than conceptualization of the data and hence it may hinder the development of theory. Diary records show that I had spent some considerable time becoming familiarised with the participants before the observations commenced. 12:190-203. Glaser B. (1991). BENEFITS. Equally in many cases a pattern was established, whereby the same behaviour of one person consistently elicited the same reaction from the other person. Elemental Weaknesses and Resistances are primary factors that can affect the damage a specific weapon deals to a certain creature. (2005). (1998). Boca Raton, Florida. Thus attuning may be regarded as a dynamic process that describes how the communication partners move towards or away from each other cognitively and affectively. The strengths and weaknesses of the use of video as a tool to collect data that is amenable to analysis using grounded theory are considered. This was achieved by running the video-tape at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed 1/24th of a second of the action. Furthermore, it appeared that these virtues would facilitate the emergence of an accurate understanding of the patterns of behaviour that were embedded in the data. I was aware of this danger and took active steps to avoid it by appropriate application of the constant comparative method. When the reaction changed, the influence of different variables in the setting could be identified as the cause. (2001). The paper concludes by suggesting that using classic grounded theory to analyze qualitative data that is collected using video offers a method that has the potential to uncover and explain patterns of non-verbal interactions that were not previously evident. Micro-incidents may be regarded as constituting an important data source for the generation of theory because ultimately, an understanding of what is going on in the data is derived from constant comparison of micro-incidents, rather than macro-situations (Glaser, 1998). Glaser B. and Strauss A. The theory of attuning offers a theoretical explanation of how people with severe or profound intellectual and multiple disability communicate with others. However, there was no evidence observable to me to gainsay that conclusion. Furthermore, it suggests that this is a reciprocal process whereby the concepts and processes apply equally to both persons who are communicating, irrespective of whether they have a disability. That view is an interpretation of the behavioural evidence. Furthermore, the precursors of each persons interactions were made explicit. (1984). Detailed descriptions of every action, pose, posture, movement, gesture and vocalisation of the participants were made. Grounded theory is not concerned with describing the data but with identifying the patterns that are inherent in the data. Each one hour recording sampled the student and keyworker in a variety of educational activities. Latvala E, Vuokila-Oikkonen P, Janhonen S. (2000). It seemed to this researcher that the virtue of grounded theory was its ability to accept all forms of data and also its neutrality in terms of its approach to the data. Using Grounded Theory to Analyze Qualitative Observational Data that is Obtained by Video Recording, The Grounded Theory Review is published by Sociology Press Sociology Press. As such, each episode in the tape was viewed in real time, in slow motion and generally frame-by-frame, in order to ascertain the exact behaviours that were occurring and the precise sequences in which they occurred. Mill Valley. Thus, verbal interactions, non-verbal interactions, and all observable behaviours that were displayed by the participants in the dyads in the view of the camera constituted the data. The result was that the memos wove a horizontal mesh that named the relationships that were inherent in the theory, some of which are detailed in section two. The persons state of mind influences how the person behaves. In considering whether such doubts apply to the use of video recorded data, Nilsson (2012) reports that Glaser acknowledges that the use of video is the only method that is sufficiently sensitive to be capable of capturing micro-communications and that for research participants who are non-verbal and therefore communicate by means of macro and micro non-verbal communications, there is no other method of collecting original information explaining what was happening in their field of interest (Nilsson, 2012, p. 107), that is, baseline data. (2001). Attuning therefore describes the nature of the continuous process of communication, the understanding of which is the main concern of the participants in the study. In short, the density of the data was uncovered through the precise nature of the analysis. Hogg J, Reeves D, Roberts J and Mudford O.C. David Fulton. Video recordings were made of the verbal and non-verbal interactions of people with severe and complex disabilities and the staff who work with them. 31 (5):1252-1257. Such complex communications are not likely to be understood by the person with PIMD. Thus, it facilitated the emergence of a theory explaining how the participants met the main concern. This is, in fact, the nub of the matter; video allowed for the collection of extremely detailed data that revealed what was not evident to the observer of action in real time. Polit D. and Hungler B. These may initially be inaccurate, however grounded theory has the capacity to correct inaccuracies, as the inherent patterns will inevitably emerge as data saturation is approached. Caldwell P. (2007). Video recordings were made of three of these dyads, each of which consisted of one student with PIMD and one carer or teacher (who was the students keyworker). The narrative data that was collected detailed the sequence of interactions. In this case, the interactions were of people with profound intellectual disability and their carers and teachers. This study attempted to uncover some of the more fundamental elements and the inherent patters in the complex nature of human interaction. Understanding how people communicate is difficult both for those who have the experience of an intellectual disability and for those who attempt to communicate with them (Caldwell 2007). Aldine DeGruyter. This view is reinforced by Heacock et al who comment on the capacity of video to allow fine-grained recording, they state that it is not unusual for an observer replaying a videotape to detect nuances in non verbal behaviour that an observer in the field setting missed (Heacock et al., 1996, p. 336). Indeed, it took two months of intensive work to transcribe 13 minutes of tape. In brief, the theory suggests that all communication takes place in a setting (the place where the dyad is located), which influences the state of mind of the people in it (their being). A need for a taxonomy for profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Some weapons come pre-augmented, such as the Mint Mace, Salt Morning Star, Spicy Coaltana, and . The effect of the multiple difficulties that people with profound intellectual and multiple disability are confronted with is that they have to deal with a world where they receive restricted sensory inputs which they must interpret through the prism of a limited cognitive ability. However, a sense that the solution to the problem lay in the detail was a starting point in seeking answers to the research question. Each weapon in the game has a fixed damage type, and cannot be changed. There is a danger in over reliance on descriptive data because the data may dominate the findings to the point that an accurate description of what happened emerges rather than a conceptual theory. Journal of Advanced Nursing. London. There were two limitations in this study to the use of video. The answer to that question can only be a subjective one, which was: not very much. Heacock P, Souter E and Chastian J.(1996). London, Norton. London. Through a comparison of these concepts, they plan theories. This paper presents a method for the collection and analysis of qualitative data that is derived by observation and that may be used to generate a grounded theory. (1967). We invite you to submit your paper for consideration for the next issue of Grounded Theory Review, which is published in late December and June each year. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. In particular it was important to extend the uncovering of patterns within the detailed data of very small behaviours of the participants. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. The outcome of the study was that a theory of attuning emerged to explain the interactional process (Griffiths, 2010). Through the constant comparison of the emergent categories, ideas were developed that explored emergent relationships between those categories and also between codes both within and between categories. 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