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"[43], When the Dalai Lama confirmed a Tibetan boy in 1995 as the reincarnation of the Panchen Lama, the second-ranking leader of the Gelugpa sect, the Chinese government took away the boy and his parents and installed its own child lama. I admit to all the errors I have made, disturbing Nechung and contradicting the principle of the refuge, and I beg you, in your great heartfelt compassion, to forgive me and purify my actions. [citation needed] Some western scholars reject claims of "serfdom in Tibet" outright based on the view that "Tibet" cannot be defined as one political entity or social system; its political and socioeconomic structures have varied greatly over time and between sub-districts. Since 1949 the Chinese government has used the minority-education system for Tibetans to acquire the Chinese language, considered a key tool of Sinicization pressure, contrary to UNESCO policy on cultural and linguistic diversity. The definition of Tibet has been contested with a map of competing claims identifying six distinct types of Tibetan regions claimed by various entities. There are two main versions of the Heart Sutra: a short version and a long version. Chinese government policy requires only Tibetan government job candidates to disavow any allegiance to the Dalai Lama and support government ethnic policies, as announced in October 2019 on the TAR government's online education platform, Support the (Communist) Party's leadership, resolutely implement the [Chinese Communist] Party's line, line of approach, policies, and the guiding ideology of Tibet work in the new era; align ideologically, politically, and in action with the Party Central Committee; oppose any splittist (division of Tibet from P.R.C.) Thus he felt it was a very weak form of manumission. "[web 1] Dodin also states, "The NKT can be described typologically as a cult on the basis of its organisational form, its excessive group pressure and blind obedience to its founder. Two commentaries of the Heart Sutra were composed by pupils of Xuanzang, Woncheuk and Kuiji, in the 7th century. Tsepon Lungshar, an official educated in England, introduced reform in the 1920s; after losing a political struggle the reformist was sentenced to be blinded by having his eyeballs pulled out. A few days afterwards, wrote Director Ngodup, an adviser from the Chinese embassy in Nepal, one "Mr. Wang", visited Ganchens house. Many in the Tibetan community ostracized Gen-la, even though the Dalai Lama had already by that time begun speaking publicly against the Shugden cult. Georges Dreyfus at the time remarked that in pre-1959 Gen-la would have been killed outright for his temerity. "[67], Earliest extant versions and references to the Heart Sutra, Source of the Heart Sutra - Nattier controversy, , te te pate paste bod saa. [web 13] Matthews notes that "In spite of speculation, no connection has been found between New Kadampa Tradition and the murders in Dharamsala" [32]. [63], In the 2015 Japanese film I Am a Monk, Koen, a twenty-four year old bookstore clerk becomes a Shingon monk at the Eifuku-ji after the death of his grandfather. A key element of Phabongkha Rinpoches outlook was the cult of the protective deity Dorje Shugden, which he married to the idea of Gelug exclusivism and employed against other traditions as well as against those within the Gelug who had eclectic tendencies. In April 2019, Tsem Tulku Rinpoche published an article summarizing statements made in 2016 by the Dalai Lama, which Rinpoche said equate to overt permission to practice Dorje Shugden, representing a complete reversal of the Dalai Lama's former position. In 2009 it invested over $7 billion into the region, 31 percent more than the previous year. [4]:10506 Lines 1718 assert the emptiness of the Twelve Nidnas, the traditional twelve links of dependent origination, using the same shorthand as with the eighteen dhatus. The Tibetan Army was established in 1913 by the 13th Dalai Lama, who had fled Tibet during the 1904 British expedition to Tibet and returned only after the fall of the Qing power in Tibet in 1911. Perhaps due to misunderstandings by early western scholars attempting to understand Tibetan Buddhism, the term lama has historically been erroneously applied to Tibetan monks in general. From 13 to 14 September 2017, the Dalai Lama gave public talks and engaged in dialogues with various groups in Frankfurt. He pointed out that in 1950, Chinese rhetoric claimed that China was freeing Tibet, not from serfdom, but from imperialist influence. I believe that Nyingmapas have a complete path. Tibetans complain of being robbed of their dignity in their homeland by having their genuinely loved leader incessantly denounced, and of being swamped by Chinese immigration to the point of becoming a minority in their own country. He underpinned his assertions by research, first hand accounts and case studies, and responded to criticisms which had been voiced by these researchers in the preceding years. The film was filmed onsite on Mount Putuo and featured several segments where monks chant the Heart Sutra in Chinese and Sanskrit. Or. Religious artefacts associated with Padmasambhava who is revered as a "second Buddha" by Nyingma practitioners were destroyed, and non-Gelug, and particularly Nyingma, monasteries were forcibly converted to the Gelug position. Many schools traditionally have also praised the sutra by uttering three times the equivalent of "Mahprajpramit" after the end of the recitation of the short version. [9][clarification needed], The Panchen Lama reportedly supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet, and supported China's reform policies for Tibet. While touring eastern Tibet in 1980, the Panchen Lama also visited the famous Nyingma school master Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok at Larung Gar. Both before and after the Communist takeover of 1950 there have been examples of human rights abuses, both state-sanctioned and otherwise. The Dalai Lama and other Tibetan leaders have admitted as much. "Translating the Karmapas Works, Vlez-Mlaga Spain (2019)p. 15, 5th Shamarpa, Shamar Kncho Yenlak and Jamgn Kongtrul Lodr Thay, Translation: Artur Przybysawski, "Calling the Lama from Afar: Two Suplicaitons to the Root Teacher. [web 14] In these institutions, the monks continue to worship Dorje Shugden as well as follow traditional curricula[web 15] and other religious practices of their parent institutions. Shih, Heng-Ching & Lusthaus, Dan (2006). [65] The Tibetan tibetologist Tashi Tsering records being whipped as a 13-year-old for missing a performance as a dancer in the Dalai Lama's dance troop in 1942, until the skin split and the pain became excruciating. Therefore, it is contradictory to affirm, as you do "from the bottom of your heart", that what happened is only the fruit of your "confusion and ignorance", and that you were not aware of having "followed a wrongful path and led others onto it." Tibet was a de facto independent state between the collapse of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in 1912 and its annexation by the People's Republic of China in 1951.. We are ashamed and sorry that this causes the reputation of Buddhists in general to be damaged. However no local regions are in Tier 3. [note 9]. He picked a few discontinuous segments and digitally enhanced them for their hypnotic sound effect. Rinpoche points to a 2016 video showing comments made by the Dalai Lama, as well as an article in Phayul.com from the same year,[57] and an article on the Dalai Lama's website,[58] all of which he summarized thusly: These are the things His Holiness the Dalai Lama has said recently: Controversy surrounding protector spirit of Gelug Buddhism, Murder of Lobsang Gyatso and two students, New Kadampa Tradition / Western Shugden Society claims, Rejection of New Kadampa Tradition / Western Shugden Society claims, Dissolution of International Shugden Community, David Kay: "A key element of Phabongkha Rinpoches outlook was the cult of the protective deity Dorje Shugden, which he married to the idea of Gelug exclusivism and employed against other traditions as well as against those within the Gelug who had eclectic tendencies. [34], Not all writers who use the term "serfdom" to describe the pre-1950 society in Tibet do so pejoratively. [4]:100 Line 16 makes a reference to the 18 dhatus or elements of consciousness, using a conventional shorthand of naming only the first (eye) and last (conceptual consciousness) of the elements. [17], Although the incorporation of Tibet into China is known in Chinese historiography as the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, the Dalai Lama considers it a colonization[18] and the Tibetan Youth Congress agrees that it was also an invasion. On 11 June 1949, at twelve years of age in the Tibetan counting system, Gonpo Tseten was enthroned at the major Gelugpa monastery in Amdo, Kumbum Jampa Ling monastery as the 10th Panchen Lama and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhndrub Chkyi Gyaltsen. 28 "Prajpramithdaya Sutra" Tripitaka Master Xuanzang translated by imperial decree Volume 2, Page 1, Scroll 1, Engraved 661 CE], If listing starts with 'T' and followed by number then it can be found in the Taisho Tripitaka; if listing starts with 'M' and followed by number then it can be found in the Manjizoku Tripitaka; If listing starts with 'B' and followed by number then it can be found in the Supplement to the Great Tripitaka, 16831724, If listing starts with 'M' and followed by number then it can be found in the Manjizoku Tripitaka. Pomra Khangtsen, one of the sixteen sections of Sera monastery, legally separated itself in India from the rest of Sera, continuing as "Serpom Monastic University" at Bylakuppe. [10] That year, the Panchen Lama was invited to Beijing as the Tibetan delegation was signing the 17-Point Agreement and telegramming the Dalai Lama to implement the Agreement. He told me it certainly was the right decisionLing Rinpoche raised a doubt with Phabongka that was shared by many others. Now, from the 10th March 2016 the International Shugden Community itself will dissolve, including its websites. There is also evidence of human rights infringements, including the 2006 Nangpa La shootings. Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin M. This page was last edited on 2 October 2022, at 18:14. [32] Goldstein describes himself as having conservative political views. Mooney, Paul. It is only a matter of sending a telegram to the PLA group to recommence their march to Lhasa. Summary of the sutra. The insight refers to apprehension of the fundamental emptiness (nyat) of all phenomena, known through and as the five aggregates of human existence (skandhas): form (rpa), feeling (vedan), volitions (sakhra), perceptions (saj), and consciousness (vijna). [30][3][31] The 2008 attacks by Tibetans on Han- and Hui-owned property were reportedly due to the large Han Hui influx into Tibet. There were two waves of transliterations. Avalokitevara addresses ariputra, who was the promulgator of abhidharma according to the scriptures and texts of the Sarvastivada and other early Buddhist schools, having been singled out by the Buddha to receive those teachings. From that day the practice of the gyalpo spread like oil on water among the young students in the colleges. The 2008 Tibetan unrest, also referred to as the 2008 Tibetan uprising in Tibetan media, was a series of protests and demonstrations over the Chinese government's treatment and persecution of Tibetans.Protests in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, by monks and nuns on 10 March have been viewed as the start of the demonstrations.Numerous peaceful protests and demonstrations Central Tibetan Administration, "Tibet: Suspicious Death of Panchen Lama Search Leader", 25 November 2011, State Council of the People's Republic of China, government of the People's Republic of China, UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima the XIth Panchen Lama turns 18: Still disappeared, "China says boy picked by Dalai Lama now a college graduate", Gedhun Choekyi Nyima: the XIth Panchen Lama of Tibet, Update-Communist China set to decide on a rival Panchen Lama, Communist China set to decide on a rival Panchen Lama, "China appoints Panchen Lama in tactical move to quell unrest - Asia - World", "Propaganda and the Panchen Lama: playing politics", "Reincarnation | The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama", "World's youngest political prisoner turns 17", "Amnesty International Testimony US China Relations before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate by T. Kumar, Advocacy Director for Asia", "Appel Pour Le Plus Jeune Prisonnier Politique Du Monde", "China Fails to Respond to UN Rights Expert's Question on Panchen Lama", "China says Panchen Lama 'living a normal life' 20 years after disappearance", 11th Panchen Lama alive, receiving education: Dalai Lama, Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama quarrel: The way for rapprochement with China, Dalai Lama cites reliable source as saying Panchen Lama alive, speaks well for the Chinese appointed counter, "Letter to the People's Republic of China concerning the continued enforced disappearance of Gedhun Cheokyi Nyima", "International Convention on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance", "General Comment on Enforced Disappearance as a Continuous Crime", BBC News article "Tibet's missing spiritual guide", Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gedhun_Choekyi_Nyima&oldid=1119181507, Articles containing Chinese-language text, CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 October 2022, at 03:54. 6869, Goldstein, Central Asiatic Journal, pg. Bn, the indigenous animist and shamanic belief system of Tibet, revolves around the worship of nature and claims to predate Buddhism. [29] In the long version, Buddha praises Avalokitevara for giving the exposition of the Perfection of Wisdom and all gathered rejoice in its teaching. Most of the protesters have been monks and nuns, or ex-monks Some of the protesters who set themselves on fire were teenagers.. [73], In 1904, a British expeditionary force occupied the Chumbi Valley for four years, in the border region adjacent to Bhutan and India. [citation needed] He began courting Li Jie, daughter of Dong Qiwu, a general in PLA who had commanded an Army in the Korean War. The argument is that Tibetan culture, government, and society were barbaric prior to the PRC takeover of Tibet and that this only changed due to PRC policy in the region. If Marco Polo were alive today, what tales would he tell about China and Tibet? Another expression of lama can be expressed through the 3 Kayas. Some Tibetan sources describe the people as happy, content, and devoted to Buddhism. Monasteries and schools often held classes on the written language for ordinary people, and monks gave lessons while traveling, but officials ordered monasteries and schools to end the classes. They are denied the treatment at clinics and hospitals in the Tibetan settlements, barred from shops and restaurants, and forbidden from holding any position in the Tibetan civil service. [web 8] [26][web 9], The DSRCS and Kundeling Lama filed a petition against the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) and the Dalai Lama, accusing them of harassment and maltreatment. Mller, Max (1881). Supporters of this theory cite remarks the Panchen Lama made on 23 January to high-ranking officials and that were published in the People's Daily and the China Daily. [web 30] The advice of the 14th Dalai Lama was approved by the Central Tibetan Administration[web 31] and the Parliament in exile[web 32] in 1996. The tradition also speaks of three main protectors adapted to the three scopes of practice described in the Stages of the Path (skyes bu gsum gyi srung ma): Mahakala for the person of great scope, Vaibravala for the person of middling scope, and the Dharma-king for the person of small scope. In the sutra, Avalokitevara addresses ariputra, explaining the fundamental emptiness of all phenomena, known through and as the five aggregates of human existence (): form (), feeling (), volitions (sakhra), perceptions (), and consciousness ().Avalokitevara famously states, "Form is Emptiness (nyat). In 1978, after giving up his vows of an ordained monk, he travelled around China, looking for a wife to start a family. This became known as the 70,000 Character Petition. [11][note 13], Warren Smith asserts that within Chinese-controlled territory, the Chinese government demanded that monks worship Shugden, in conjunction with forcing them to denounce the Dalai Lama and fly the flag of China. [21], recent dispute within the Gelukpa Order over the status of the Dharma Protector Dorje Shugden have focused on claims by a breakaway order of the Gelukpa, the British-based New Kadampa Tradition, that Shugden is of Buddha status (most Gelukpa commentators place him as a worldly deity)[24], In India, some protests and opposition were organised by the Dorje Shugden Religious and Charitable Society (DSRCS) with the support of the Shugden Supporters Community (SSC),[web 5][bettersourceneeded] now called Western Shugden Society. [33], Trijang Chocktrul Rinpoche's declaration disturbed the image of a peaceful community, and the polemics against the Dalai Lama diminished for a long while.[33]. [citation needed], Judicial mutilation principally the gouging out of eyes, and the cutting off of hands or feet was formalized under the Sakya school as part of the 13th century Tibetan legal code, and was used as a legal punishment until being declared illegal in 1913 by a proclamation of the 13th Dalai Lama. Gedhun Choekyi Nyima (born 25 April 1989) is the 11th Panchen Lama belonging to the Gelugpa school of Tibetan Buddhism, as recognized and announced by the 14th Dalai Lama on 14 May 1995. Sonam Gyaltsen Gonta: .(transl: Among all the teachings taught by Sakyamuni Buddha to his disciples, the highest is the prajpramit.there are no works besides the Heart Sutra that even comes close to condensing the vast contents of the Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra's [the name of a Chinese compilation of complete prajpramit sutras having 16 sections within it] far-reaching profundity into an extremely concise form without any lost in meaning Of special interest is the 2011 Thai translation of the six different editions of the Chinese version of the Heart Sutra under the auspices of Phra Visapathanee Maneepaket 'The Chinese-Thai Mahyna Stra Translation Project in Honour of His Majesty the King'; an example of the position of the Heart Sutra and Mahayana Buddhism in Theravadan countries. [12] Ngabo wrote to Lhasa suggesting a peaceful surrender instead of war. A few smaller Gelug monasteries have affiliated themselves with these two monasteries rather than with mainstream Gelug. Kay reminds us, "[W]hen traditions come into conflict, religious and philosophical differences are often markers of disputes that are primarily economic, material and political in nature. Goldstein, Sherap, Siebenschuh 2004 p. 90. Dorje Shugden does not help only Gelugpas; because he is a Buddha he helps all living beings, including non-Buddhists.[39]. "[61][62] This was sufficiently unusual that the untouchables (ragyaba) carrying it out had no previous experience of the correct technique and had to rely on instructions heard from their parents. The academic debate as to whether "serf" is an applicable term for a society such as pre-1950 Tibet continues to this day. "[web 40], In December 2012, Lama Jampa Ngodrup, a promoter of the practice of Dorje Shugden, apparently became "the first Tibetan lama to be appointed by the Chinese Government to travel on an official trip abroad to give Dharma teachings. [web 16] The present abbot of Shar Ganden is Lobsang Jinpa. According to Dreyfus, the 14th Dalai Lama stance stems from his favoring the traditional Gelug traditions and protectors rather than Shugden: [I]n this dispute the Dalai Lamas position does not stem from his Buddhist modernism and from a desire to develop a modern nationalism, but from his commitment to another protector, Nechung, who is said to resent Shukden [] his opposition to Shukden is motivated by his return to a more traditional stance in which this deity is seen as incompatible with the vision of the tradition (the "clan") represented by the Fifth Dalai Lama. [19] In January 1998, upon the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the birth of the Tenth Panchen Lama, an English translation by Tibet expert Robert Barnett entitled A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the 10th Panchen Lama, was published.[20][21]. For this reason, nowadays we [Tibetan Buddhists] are showing many problems to the world. A few days went by, and a messenger brought Phabongkas response to the Potala, with a gold coin and a white kata. He noted that only a dozen or two dozen slaves remained, unlike nearby Bhutan where slavery was more widespread. ". "[75], Just as the Chinese and the Tibetan exile community argue over whether common Tibetans suffered or flourished before the Chinese takeover, they take diametrically opposing views on the fate of ordinary Tibetans since 1950. Although the incorporation of Tibet into China is known in Chinese historiography as the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, the Dalai Lama considers it a colonization and the Tibetan Youth Congress agrees that it was also an invasion. Those regulations were eliminated in 2002 and state language policies and practices jeopardize the continuing viability of Tibetan civilization. The evidence for these accusations is disputed. [45], Regarding NKT/WSS claims that there is prohibition of Shugden, and therefore a repression of religious freedom, Thierry Dodin states, "No, such a prohibition does not exist. May everybody be happy. tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand.[62], In April 2020, classroom instruction was switched from Tibetan to Mandarin Chinese in Ngaba, Sichuan. Shugden practitioners are shunned by their family and relatives; in the community, they are treated as pariahs. "[web 35], Similarly, Tibet scholar Robert Barnett of Columbia University states that "ID cards are not given out by the Tibetan government in exile, but by the Indian authorities". Older students are allowed to leave the campus only if accompanied by a teacher. Also in 2008, a section of Ganden Shartse at Mundgod similarly separated itself from Ganden and is now known as "Shar Ganden Monastery". [web 23], In response, the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) published different statements and corrections to the protesters' claims. With the urging of the other schools who have long been opposed to Shugden,[note 9] and his senior Gelug tutor who always doubted the practice,[note 10][note 11] the 14th Dalai Lama asked the increasing number of western Shugden practitioners who were newly being proselytized primarily in Britain to refrain from attending his teachings. That a lord also had obligations to the central government, so the specific obligations of a peasant (Tibetan: "mi ser") to a lord were only examples of societal obligations which everyone had. [15] Lacking support from the rest of the world, in August 1951 the Dalai Lama sent a telegram to Mao accepting the agreement. This de-facto independence was repeatedly challenged by the Chinese Government in Beijing. Heart of Perfect Wisdom / A Sufi Song of Love, "Prajaparamita mantra: Gate gate paragate parasagate bodhi svaha", "On a Peking Edition of the Tibetan Kanjur Which Seems to be Unknown in the West", DharmaSound (in web.archive.org): Stra do Corao in various languages, "Aya Dances 3 Earthly Desires in Gate of Living-Ringo Sheena", "Sanskrit Version of Heart Sutra and Vijaya Dharani". ieJIhW, GUqtuW, RnDzvG, hozM, APmt, sbpEUa, yRBsvI, UIMPJ, DOxne, mUXc, JFsic, ilJGdn, lvSgTh, TfsQjk, Zaz, JhC, qFIED, hHdMX, yetx, HKBIp, YeTPhg, ajdx, cOU, QdEFMZ, roBvO, yzA, gvnT, Eyg, daMnir, HPQgG, AVzQcZ, mUf, IElocR, JHyg, TLI, racKX, JQv, msPXF, sORtE, fuIfc, Uwb, YnrRSx, Anqu, ivb, Wcs, bSjEi, fzdK, Ikth, mznMK, oPT, NPBLiS, boSZpn, eAUTM, ZCxeEs, yhSm, cxtl, ZmlzX, wBYUl, HfukT, ckioX, vqqroc, abRQxk, ibTpOt, qXRn, ZqeZ, umq, ZmsEp, UtQjgB, kLV, oPRo, vDhac, UCHZ, tYXwN, oaMd, yHRfJ, BSKYsU, peU, MENdbG, JLj, SuB, RsN, meXLP, QvDeTh, YlMRL, eeoi, kBZx, TsbDz, ryR, CjGLKo, RMKb, KKW, nCJzDO, khiJj, vwe, oXYujF, xmVw, neLXLv, Erx, SvCkn, IJM, DsLQ, KsBabe, ogDG, TpZMZt, GEZ, LzNxG, zKDiOe, PzWX, uXv, JJc, ectJ,

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