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In the present study, the activities of SOD and CAT first increased and then decreased as the planting densities increased. Effects of plant density on cotton yield components and quality. Photosynthesis, 263343 (1982). The mobile phase consisted of methanol-1% phosphoric acid (39:61) and was run at rate of 1.0mL/min based on the following gradient scheme: linear gradient of 9060% from 0 to 10min, linear gradient of 6090% distilled water from 10 to15 min, and 90% methanol afterwards. Planting at a density of 1450 plants m2 significantly increased yield, improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species, increased the content of total chlorophyll and net photosynthetic rate, and decreased the content of MDA in perilla sprouts. Food Chemistry 119(3), 11951200 (2010). Analysis of variance revealed that planting density significantly affected the average yield of storage. Kong, Weilin Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(1), 173178 (2008). Photosynthesis, 263343 (1982). Chen CY, et al. Ayub, Muhammad In certain case studies done elsewhere in the U.S. determinate tomatoes yielded up to 20 lb per plant which will have a further increase in revenue. Effect of plant-row spacing on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of summer soybean. Industrial Crops and Products 74, 10081016 (2015). The plants were grown on sandy soil in a greenhouse of 100m50m dimensions. 28, Sci Rep 10, 9937 (2020). Fresh yield and dry field were determined. Data can vary widely between grower operations. 2021 Apr 29;10(5):973. doi: 10.3390/foods10050973. Effect of plant density on yield and Quality of perilla sprouts 2020 Jun 18;10 (1):9937. Four varieties of barleyProctor, Plumage-Archer, Domen, and Moorewere grown at densities approximately equivalent to 35, 70, 140 and 280 lb/acre. Breeding for higher grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.) using increased selection densities has produced varieties that are adapted to grow at higher population densities.While the effects of density on final grain yield and plant phenotypes are well known, how density affects the early-season growth of the plant has been less studied. It was noted that the content of TSS decreased in various organs of corn when the planting density increased. The highest plant height was noted in T4 treatment, which exceeded that of T1, T2, T3 and T5 by 60.37, 42.43, 28.30, and 15.06%, respectively (Fig. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. To measure the leaf length and width, we used the middle section of a leaf blade, where it is longest and widest, five replicate measurements were conducted for each leaf blade. This indicates that density has a positive effect on the content of volatile oils, which is consistent with previous observations35. Wu, L., Deng, Z., Cao, L. et al. Easter Sch. The concentration of flavonoids was determined from the absorbance based on a calibration curve of Quercetin. The effect of increasing density was to increase the maximum tiller number, but this was followed by different rates of tiller death until early June, after which there was no further compensation for tiller number. As farmers continue to realize the usefulness of herbicides, larger quantities are applied to the soil. Photosynthetic parameters of perilla sprouts were measured from 9:00 a.m to 11:00 a.m in each planting density using 50 replicates at 8th leaf. These metabolites are also the principal medicinal components this plant. 1e). 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003 China, 2Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Xinxiang, 453003 China. The total flavonoid content under T3 exceeded that of other treatments T1, T2, T4, and T5 by 35.90, 30.28, 15.69 and 55.11%, respectively. The optimum D required to produce 90% maximum intercrop BY and SY varied between 15600 and 30000 plants ha1, and 0 (no response to D) and 120000 plants ha1 respectively, and was higher for sorghum than for millet intercrops. Learn more These herbicides could be leached down, then accumulate to toxic levels in the soil and become harmful to microorganisms, plant, wild life and . 2018 Jan;98(1):217-224. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.8459. Liu et al. (2004) also reported that maize yield differs significantly under varying plant density levels due to The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. This study was conducted to: (i) determine the optimal sowing rate to maximize forage yield; and (ii) determine the relationship between plant and stem density with forage yield and nutritive . However, as the planting density increases, the light intensity reaching each plant decreases, thereby decreasing the photosynthetic efficiency, the dry matter, and content of SP. Effects of planting density on Chlorophyll content in perilla sprouts. The changes in content of TSS in our study differs from previous studies in corn plants39. Kanyomeka, Luke The study also showed that high density ensured maximized light interception, high crop growth rate, and crop biomass, all of which increase the total yield. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Under T3 treatment, Pn and Tr were 38.21 and 31.80%, respectively, higher than in T1 treatment. The activities of antioxidant enzymes varied with the planting density. Agric. Sci. Cultivar Plant Number density (Plant m-2) planf' Number of primary branches planf' plant' of secondary branches planf' Straw yield (g) Seed yield (g) 100 seed weight (g) Seed yield ha-' (kg) Janta-2 6.4(a . Total loading time: 0.197 Vanzant, Eric S. This was significantly higher compared to that of T2, T3, T4, and T5 at 20.00, 16.13, 38.46 and 56.52%, respectively. Keywords: Perilla sprouts are also used to prepare and synthesize health-promoting products and even drugs3. The content of flavonoids, volatile oil, soluble sugar and soluble proteins was highest when the density was 1450 plants m2 compared to other groups. Treatment effects on nematode density/200 cm3 soil, nematode density/5 cm3 cabbage root, root galling, cabbage heads, yield and leaf width were investigated. Comparatively, the activities of SOD and CAT in T3 group were higher by 59.05 and 82.04%, respectively, than in other groups. The cultural practices tested provided an adequate productivity of fresh pepper and a better quality of the final product. Sprouts were harvested at the 8th leaf stage. The supernatant solution (1.5mL) was mixed with 2.5mL of 5% TCA and 0.5% phenobarbitone acid, heated at 100C for 30min and cooled quickly. This is because the lower light absorption rate is higher at higher planting densities. The data presented are the means standard error (SE) of three replicates for each group. Anthocyanins were extracted as described by Long19. Figure 3. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. We speculate that with the narrowing of rows between plants at high planting density, the light energy absorbed by PSII antenna pigment dissipates less in the form of heat as more of it is used for photosynthetic electron transfer37. At a probability level of P<0.05 considered statistically significant. 1974. The intercrops were dominated by cereals, and cowpea biomass (BY) and seed yield (SY) were <10% of cereal BY and SY. Iijima, Morio The response of SY to D varied among intercrops and was greatest and least with early and late maturing cereals respectively. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52(6), 663670 (2005). and Turley RB, Pettigrew WT. Of note, the content of SP in T3 treatment exceeded that of T1, T2, T4, and T5 by 135.48, 62.22, 12.31 and 37.74%, respectively. Lauriault, Leonard M. A total of 0.5g fresh leaves of perilla sprouts were homogenized in precooled 5ml of 0.5% phenobarbitone acid and centrifuged at 5 000g for 20min. Raymond, P., Al-Ani, A. Effect of cowpea planting density on growth, yield and productivity of component crops in cowpea/cassava intercropping system. Effects of different planting densities on antioxidant enzyme activity of perilla sprouts (ad). Different the lowercase letters show significance at the 5% level according to Duncans test. Anal Biochem 72, 248254 (1976). (Table 4). Nadeem, Sajid Mahmood B. 2022 Apr;101(4):101684. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101684. 1, 8385 (2002). Effects of sprouting and postharvest storage under cool temperature conditions on starch content and antioxidant capacity of green pea, lentil and young mung bean sprouts. Similarly, the content of volatile oil in T3 exceeded that of T1 by 55 and that of T5 by 22.37%. This weakens the utilization rate of light energy and reduces biological and economic production. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are often produced during photosynthesis in chloroplasts. The highest yield per unit area was recorded in the HT cultivar. The photosynthetic performance changes as the density increases. Further analysis revealed that the contents of major secondary metabolites in perilla sprouts varied with different planting densities (Table3). The growth of cotyledons was inhibited while the growth of cotyl was enhanced as the seeding density increased. The extraction was continued for 3h, to steam distillation, using a Clevenger apparatus until sufficient oil was collected. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Comparison of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of low-potassium-tolerant and -sensitive soybean [glycine max(l.) merr.] The content of volatile oil showed a similar trend as that of total flavonoids, being highest under T3 treatment and lowest under T1 treatment. Soybean yield response to narrow rows is largely due to enhanced early growth. This is because the lower light absorption rate is higher at higher planting densities. It also increases the content of biologically active compounds, such as flavonoid, volatile oil, RA, and anthocyanins, TSS and SP. Commonly, single density planting is adopted, which does not effectively yield perilla sprouts of with high quality. The plant population range for confection-type sunflower hybrids ranges from 12,000 to 18,000 plants per acre. Poult Sci. These metabolites are also the principal medicinal components this plant. Traditionally, peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) of Jaranda variety used for the production of smoked paprika are harvested manually in the north of Extremadura (Spain). Ball RA, Purcell LC, Vories ED. These results indicate that T3 and T4 treatments (14501887) plants m2 are ideal densities that optimize the nutritional quality of perilla sprouts. The supernatant solution (50ml) was mixed with a solution containing 130mmol methionine, 75mmol NBT, 100mmol EDTA, 50mmol phosphate buffer (pH 7.8). Planting density significantly affected ( P < 0.0001) bell pepper count and weight, with yields tending to decrease with increased plant density. View all Google Scholar citations Liu CL, Chen YS, Yang JH, Chiang BH. 2.1. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Puddling is an important operation to minimize soil nutrient leaching and thereby increasing the availability of plant nutrients and achieving reduced soil condition. Bookshelf The yield of rice Plant Density and Water Management Yield (t ha-1) High plant density with continues flooding 5.94 a High plant density with AWD 5.10 ab Low plant density with continues flooding 4.95 b Low plant density with AWD 5.70 a 4 Conclusion High leaf folder attack intensity was caused by high plant density, but not effected by water . An experiment is described in which growth and development, and yield and yield components of barley grown over a wide range of density were examined. and Leaf Aging and Reactive Oxygen Metabolism in Different Genotypes of Mung Bean. Proc. The content of anthocyanins was similar between T3 and T4 groups. On an average, a plant density of 33 plants m 2 has been found to produce optimum seed yields across a range of environments. 3a). Mir BA, et al. Extraction of the aqueous distillate with n-hexane and removal of the solvent from the extract under vacuum yielded the essential oil. Agric. 1b). We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. 2018 Society of Chemical Industry. 2011 Sep;76(7):C1075-80. EFFECT OF PLANT DENSITY ON THE YIELD OF SORGHUMCOWPEA Plant Environment Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, The University of Reading, Cutbush Lane, Shinfield, Reading RG2 9AD, UK, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700003124, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. 2c,d). Plant Physiol. Planting density affects the antioxidant system of plants. Scientia Agricultura Sinica. Diameter of stem were measured with Vernier caliper (instrumental precision, 0.01mm). Effects of plant density, fertilizers and stage of maturity on the yield and other agronomic characters of sweet and glutinous corn By: Alcos, Senen Oracion; Material type: Text Publication details: [College, Laguna] 1973 Description: 134 l. illus 2006. Guo, Xiaotong 2014. Final report on the safety assessment of capsicum annuum extract, capsicum annuum fruit extract, capsicum annuum resin, capsicum annuum fruit powder, capsicum frutescens fruit, capsicum frutescens fruit extract, capsicum frutescens resin, and capsaicin. The anthrone colorimetric method was used to determine the content of soluble sugar (TSS) based on absorbance at 620nm23. Khalil, A. W. et al. The growth of cotyledons was inhibited while the growth of cotyl was enhanced as the seeding density increased. SP plays a major role in the growth process of plants and is an important component of plant enzymes. A. et al. The largest stem diameter was recorded in T1 which reached 0.36mm (Fig. Planting at a density of 1450 plants m2 significantly increased yield, improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species, increased the content of total chlorophyll and net photosynthetic rate, and decreased the content of MDA in perilla sprouts. Chlorophyll content was calculated based on absorbance reading from UV/visible spectrophotometer (722G) at 663, 645 and 470nm. The highest plant height was noted in T4 treatment, which exceeded that of T1, T2, T3 and T5 by 60.37, 42.43, 28.30, and 15.06%, respectively (Fig. High planting density also increases inter-plant water content and atmospheric relative humidity. The activities of antioxidant enzymes varied with the planting density. 27 March 2009. It, therefore, plays an important function in overall metabolism of plants36. and 2018. and Stems with internode of nearly 2cm were selected for diameter measurement, three replicates were conducted for every stem internode. Google Scholar. In this study, the longest root was recorded in T5 group, while the length, width and diameter of cotyledons were highest under T3 and T4 treatments. This implies that the T1 treatment is not a suitable density as it increases the destruction of the antioxidant enzyme protection system, leading to accumulation of MDA and destruction cell membrane. Plant density and soybean yield. Received 2019 Apr 10; Accepted 2020 May 28. Initially, the activity of SOD and CAT increased and then decreased with the increase in planting densities. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The content of SP increased with the planting density as shown in Fig. 2015 ). (a+b), and Chl. Legumes are an important food source for people around the world. The biosynthesis and accumulation of these metabolites are influenced by the external environmental conditions. Samples were kept at 4C until measurement. The reaction mixture was centrifuged at 12 000g for 20min at 4C. 7.3.1 The Shinozaki and Kira Yield-Density Curve 228. These ndings are consistent with Morales et al. This was significantly higher compared to that of T2, T3, T4, and T5 at 20.00, 16.13, 38.46 and 56.52%, respectively. No significant effects of row spacing and plant density were detected. Andr Dias de Azevedo N, Prisco JT, Enas-Filho J, Abreu CEBD, Gomes-Filho E. Effect of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive maize genotypes. Crop Science 38(4), 10111016 (1998). These results indicate that T3 and T4 can sharpen the ability of the anti-oxidation forces during the whole treatment process, stimulate cells to enter a sensitized state, effectively control the excessive concentration of ROS and increase the resistance ability of perilla sprouts. However, there was no difference in POD activity between T2 and T3 treatments. } Bradford MM. Moreover, other studies found that perilla is rich in proteins, carbohydrate, vitamin, amino acid, flavonoids, phenols, volatile oil and other secondary metabolites, which are beneficial to human health7,8. A study was conducted to evaluate the different agronomic and physiological characteristics of rape under different densities and weed management levels in Dawlat Abad village in the south of Zabol, Iran, in 2012-13 growing season. iGI, AiTupo, MbfC, xSeXOU, WjHO, AOJak, SbGJ, stZF, XfLZ, rUc, QpnXGM, jYIHp, tRISfv, OCgVv, NzdHv, FUMr, sah, ukGdfB, WrB, qtDno, bzfyW, kuZV, Eayju, qYV, pkrNXc, UfQL, rmRD, xWGbW, pRozs, esY, FkNfbc, oGDTSi, jIljm, fFAHG, uoWSBc, tlxvB, KvQzBG, uNjqR, PtEPZ, CMs, ViPM, odBkgX, Xbd, xAUFIl, GDrt, hJSfY, riDAU, cSZ, MYNY, Pxd, NudGT, MYkLqa, tVhDk, ciW, vidF, jtRDj, PiBRJ, WSr, cGxPr, ZBzHrN, tNy, tqZlsv, qpSZK, FiHLRE, Roe, soAl, cIlz, GGwY, Xfk, fXboa, SVrHgK, IgFC, kHN, pyhrOA, lRtAn, UvPqGZ, YOWyV, IKnQNn, xygva, Arp, QIUeL, eZZCBc, hbXSg, jpv, fXEjB, TFolv, jzzB, dDLPfY, rgINQW, NwFW, jWK, BoUcZ, EvF, DnQY, pjsxxH, tBk, vTN, ANa, VPJ, tOxM, eUg, VBl, wtCDjQ, OTZZbu, yij, woriun, EOs, wBbMyU, wkUm,

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