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As carbon has a molar mass of 12 g/mol and hydrogen (atomic!) additive performance package(s) to produce an additive blend. Examples of suitable esters for use herein include the dimerate esters commercially available under the tradenames Priolube 1858, Priolube 3967, Emkarate 1220, Emkarate 9200, Emkarate 1120 and Emkarate 1090 from Croda Europe, Palatinol 9P from BASF and Hatcol 2949 from Chemtura, Uniflex 102e from Arizona Chemical; monoesters commercially available under the tradename Synative ES EHO from Cognis (now BASF), pentaerythritol esters commercially available under the tradenames Priolube 1445 and Priolube 3987 from Croda Europe; trimellitate esters commercially available under the tradenames Emkarate 7930, Emkarate 3030, Emkarate 1030, Emkarate 8030 and Priolube 1941 from Croda Europe; trimethylolpropane esters commercially available under the tradenames Priolube 1427, Priolube 3970 and Priolube 3988 from Croda Europe, Synative ES TMP 05 from Cognis GmbH and Radialube 7364, Radialube 7365 and Radialube 3988 from Oleon; and polyol esters commercially available under the tradenames Priolube 1426, Priolube 1973 from Croda Europe, Radialube 7304 from Oleon nv, and EsterexNP343, EsterexNP372, EsterexNP451, EsterexNP671 and EsterexNP396 from Exxon Mobil Corporation. ROSENBERG, Z. A central opening in the tubular housing that contains a metal bar that is formed of an alloy composition including copper, zinc, tin, manganese, aluminum, and iron. [20] A critical test to rate the ability of jet fuel to release emulsified water when passed through coalescing filters is ASTM standard D3948 Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer. Suitable viscosity control agents for use as the first fuel additive herein include polyalphaolefins, esters, alkyl benzenes and alkyl naphthenates. 12 Most liquid chemical rockets use two separate propellants: a fuel and an oxidizer. A person of skill in the art will appreciate that these biomass chambers can be sized in width and length along with the diameter of their corresponding drive disc to any such size as appropriate for the desired throughput for the biomass fractionator, without departing from the scope if the invention. Jet fuel is often used in diesel-powered ground-support vehicles at airports. The Pentagon hopes to reduce its use of crude oil from foreign producers and obtain about half of its aviation fuel from alternative sources by 2016. (ii) a NOACK volatility at 250 C. of 100% wt, preferably 20% wt or less; and. More preferably, the hydrocarbyl group Y in formula (III) is unsubstituted or substituted by a group selected from hydroxy, halo or alkoxy group, even more preferably C1-4 alkoxy. Biomass 51 is pretreated in operation 410 prior to being subjected to the bio-fractioning process 420. It has surprisingly been found that the use of a fuel additive having a kinematic viscosity at 100 C. of 27 cSt or less and a NOACK volatility at 250 C. of 100% wt, preferably 20 wt % or less, and a friction modifier in liquid fuel compositions provides benefits in terms of improved fuel economy of an internal combustion engine being fuelled by the liquid fuel composition containing said additive, in particular when the liquid fuel composition of the present invention is a gasoline composition, relative to the internal combustion engine being fuelled by the liquid base fuel. [52] The U.S. Army is considered one of the few customers of biofuels large enough to potentially bring biofuels up to the volume production needed to reduce costs. Other suitable base lubricant oils can be found in Synthetic Lubricants and High Performance Function Fluids, 1999, 2nd Edition, edited by L R Rudnick. The cost of butanol is about $1.25$1.32 per kilogram ($0.57-$0.58 per pound or $4 approx. Such material can include without limitation: (i) plant products such as bark, leaves, tree branches, tree stumps, hardwood chips, softwood chips, grape pumice, sugarcane bagasse, switchgrass; and (ii) pellet material such as grass, wood and hay pellets, and (iii) crop products such as corn, wheat and kenaf. Additives comprising polyoxy-C2-C4-alkylene moieties (A6) are preferably polyethers or polyetheramines which are obtainable by reaction of C2- to C60-alkanols, C6- to C30-alkanediols, mono- or di-C2-C30-alkylamines, C1-C30-alkylcyclohexanols or C1-C30-alkylphenols with from 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino group and, in the case of the polyether-amines, by subsequent reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines. Crude oil is usually black or dark brown but can also be yellowish reddish tan or even greenish.Variations in color indicate the distinct chemical compositions of different supplies of crude oil. Suitable types of hyperdispersants for use herein include those disclosed in WO2010/012756, WO2010/012763, PCT application number PCT/EP2010/070723 and PCT/EP2010/070762. Furthermore, compounds such as alkenyl succinic acid or ester moieties thereof, benzotriazole-based compounds and thiodiazole-based compounds may be conveniently used in the lubricating oil composition as corrosion inhibitors. It is understood that a wide variety of different types of pressure pulses may be applied, and that the entire illustration is an expository device. All rights reserved. Density This is defined as the ratio of the mass of the fuel to the volume of the fuel at a reference tem-perature of 15C. The biosphere is presently overburdened by carbon emissions produced from fossil fuels. Preferably, the detergent additive used in the gasoline compositions of the present invention contains at least one nitrogen-containing detergent, more preferably at least one nitrogen-containing detergent containing a hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical having a number average molecular weight in the range of from 300 to 5000. LP gas is a mixture of propane and butane, both of which are easily compressible gases under standard atmospheric conditions. Durasyn 165, a PAO-5 commercially available from INEOS Oligomers. A fuel composition comprising a liquid hydrocarbon fuel and a detergent amount of the product of reaction between a polyamine and a stearic acid is described. [33] As a result, a few aircraft engine manufacturers, most notably Thielert and Austro Engine, have begun offering aircraft diesel engines which run on jet fuel which may simplify airport logistics by reducing the number of fuel types required. Petroleum fuels, when burnt, release carbon dioxide that is harmful to world climate. In formula (III), Z is an optionally substituted divalent bridging group, preferably of the formula XZBYZq, wherein XZ is selected from oxygen, sulphur or a group of the formula NR1, wherein R1 is as described below, B is as described below, YZ is selected from oxygen or a group of the formula NR1, wherein R1 is as described below, and q is 0 or 1. These fuel compounds are typically termed renewable fuels and can be components in any combustible fuel, such as gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel and other fuel blend stocks such as BTX, derived from biomass and useful for transportation or other purposes. Natural gas liquids (NGLs) are hydrocarbonsin the same family of molecules as natural gas and crude oil, composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. Today synthetic fuels produced from natural gas are manufactured, to take advantage of the higher value of liquid fuels in transportation. These useful biocompounds emerge at progressively higher devolatilization temperatures. Examples of poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) amide salt derivatives having a formula (III) that are available commercially include that available from Lubrizol under the trade designation SOLSPERSE 17000 (a reaction product of poly(12-hydroxystearic acid) with N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine and dimethyl sulphate) and those available under the trade designations CH-5 and CH-7 from Shanghai Sanzheng Polymer Company. In the case of a diesel fuel composition, for example, the fuel additive mixture will typically contain a detergent, optionally together with other components as described above, and a diesel fuel-compatible diluent, which may be a mineral oil, a solvent such as those sold by Shell companies under the trade mark SHELLSOL, a polar solvent such as an ester and, in particular, an alcohol, e.g. Other lubricity enhancers are described in the patent literature, in particular in connection with their use in low sulphur content diesel fuels, for example in: It may also be preferred for the diesel fuel composition to contain an anti-foaming agent, more preferably in combination with an anti-rust agent and/or a corrosion inhibitor and/or a lubricity enhancing additive. No. As used herein, the term 'biomass' includes any material derived or readily obtained from plant sources. Representative hydrocarbyl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, methyl, ethyl, butyl, pentyl, methylpentyl, hexenyl, dimethylhexyl, octenyl, cyclooctenyl, methylcyclooctenyl, dimethylcyclooctyl, ethylhexyl, octyl, isooctyl, dodecyl, hexadecenyl, eicosyl, hexacosyl, triacontyl and phenylethyl. Embodiments of the invention also utilize the increase in thermal conductivity as carbon is compressed. The conversion process produces sequesterable carbon 425 (sometimes referred as BMF char) and volatile gas streams 423, which are subsequently converted to biofuels 435. The poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) derivatives having a terminal acid group that are preferred in the present invention are those which each have a TBN (total base number) value of less than 60 mg.KOH/g, more preferably less than 50 mg.KOH/g, even more preferably less than 40 mg.KOH/g and most preferably less than 30 mg.KOH/g, as measured by ASTM D 4739. This is shown by Friction modifiers d to j in Table 2 below. However, there is no tax regulation in the Chicago Convention to refuel the aircraft before departure. The fuel compositions of the examples provide improved fuel economy benefits, good cleaniness and reduced friction by both hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication effects. The engine would start on gasoline, then switch over to kerosene once the engine warmed up. The dispensed biomass is subjected to a novel biofractioning process 420 described in detail in co-owned Patent Application No. Kerosene tax can be levied throughout the European Union on domestic flights and between Member States according to the 2003 Energy Taxation Directive. Preferred dispersants include borated succinimides. Below are data indicating the thermal conductivity of various substances (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 87th edition) in comparison to the measured thermal conductivity of BMF char: As the thermal conductivity of the formed carbon within the biomass increases due to pressure shocks, it becomes consequently easier to attain mild pyrolysis conditions within the biomass. Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy; they also must take the shape of their container. Furthermore, it is preferred that said detergents, independently, have a TBN (total base number) value in the range of from 10 to 500 mg.KOH/g, more preferably in the range of from 30 to 350 mg.KOH/g and most preferably in the range of from 50 to 300 mg.KOH/g, as measured by ISO 3771. The amount of carbon dioxide released when one liter of fuel is combusted can be estimated:[1] As a good approximation the chemical formula of e.g. Such products will suitably comprise a fraction larger than 90 wt % which boils between 160 and 400 C., preferably to about 370 C. Examples of Fischer-Tropsch derived kerosene and gas oils are described in EP-A-0583836, WO-A-97/14768, WO-A-97/14769, WO-A-00/11116, WO-A-00/11117, WO-A-01/83406, WO-A-01/83648, WO-A-01/83647, WO-A-01/83641, WO-A-00/20535, WO-A-00/20534, EP-A-1101813, U.S. Pat. More preferably, the amount of second fuel additive present in the liquid fuel composition of the present invention additionally accords with one or more of the parameters (i) to (xvi) listed below: Suitable friction modifiers for use herein include esters or nitrogen derivatives of alkoxyamines (eg diethanolamine (DEA), aminoethylethanolamine(AEEA)); poly(hydroxycarboxylic) acid amide salt derivatives; poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) derivatives having a terminal acid group e.g. In the additivated diesel fuel composition, the lubricity enhancer is conveniently present at a concentration of less than 1000 ppmw, preferably between 50 and 1000 ppmw, more preferably between 70 and 1000 ppmw. Accordingly, in one embodiment provides a liquid fuel composition comprising: In a further embodiment provides a method of improving the fuel economy performance of an internal combustion engine, said method comprising (a) fuelling an internal combustion engine containing an engine lubricant with such liquid fuel composition and (b) operating said fuelled-internal combustion engine. Lower lubricity and friction coefficient results are indications of better friction modification effects and indicates better fuel economy. However, the measurement of fuel properties is time-consuming, cost-intensive, and limited to the operating conditions. The (active matter) concentration of any optional additives present in the base gasoline or the gasoline composition of the present invention is preferably up to 1 percent by weight, more preferably in the range from 5 to 2000 ppmw, advantageously in the range of from 300 to 1500 ppmw, such as from 300 to 1000 ppmw. exclusive of volatile solvents/diluent materials. The test was based on the continuous repetition of the set of speed/load points (test cycle). No. Amines may also be added, if appropriate, for example as described in WO 03/076554. Related Topics . Compressive impacts on the newly formed carbon serve in turn to increase the thermal conductivity of the carbon. Learn About Solid and Liquid Rocket Fuel and How Rocket Fuel Has Changed Over Time. Said boron-containing anti-wear additives may be conveniently added to the lubricating oil in an amount in the range of from 0.1 to 3.0 percent by weight, based on the total weight of lubricating oil composition. Examples of polyhydric alcohols are aliphatic, saturated or unsaturated, straight chain or branched alcohols having 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 6, more preferably 2 to 4, hydroxy groups, and having 2 to 90, preferably 2 to 30, more preferably 2 to 12, most preferably 2 to 6, carbon atoms in the molecule. one or more C, Click for automatic bibliography Sulfur causes corrosion in vehicles, acid rain and higher emissions of soot from the tail pipe (exhaust pipe). [1] Furthermore, the range of molecular mass between hydrocarbons (or different carbon numbers) is defined by the requirements for the product, such as the freezing point or smoke point. Preferably, the nitrogen-containing detergent is selected from a group comprising polyalkene monoamines, polyetheramines, polyalkene Mannich amines and polyalkene succinimides. Conveniently, the gasoline may comprise a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons, olefinic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and, optionally, oxygenated hydrocarbons. Additives comprising moieties derived from succinic anhydride and having hydroxyl and/or amino and/or amido and/or imido groups (A8) are preferably corresponding derivatives of polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride which are obtainable by reacting conventional or highly reactive polyisobutene having Mn of from 300 to 5000 with maleic anhydride by a thermal route or via the chlorinated polyisobutene. Where the non-hydroxycarboxylic acid is introduced separately to the reaction, the proportion which is required in order to produce a polymer or oligomer of a given molecular weight can be determined either by simple experiment or by calculation by the person skilled in the art. The efficient heat energy transfer executed by embodiments of the present invention can be enhanced by the addition of supercritical fluids in the reaction chamber. Examples of carboxylic esters of long-chain alkanols are in particular esters of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids with long-chain alkanols or polyols, as described in particular in DE-A-38 38 918. Ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, and pentane are all NGLs (see table above). 34, 2007, pages 732 - 742, 1. The gasoline preferably has a low or ultra low sulphur content, for instance at most 1000 ppmw (parts per million by weight), preferably no more than 500 ppmw, more preferably no more than 100, even more preferably no more than 50 and most preferably no more than even 10 ppmw. Or highly reactive polyisobutene having Mn of from 1 to 30 times the biomass is dispensed thin Is 1 to 100 percent by volume oxygenated hydrocarbons? id=5930 '' > What is the fuel include. Volatile gas streams are transformed to fuel compounds via a catalyst according to number! 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( 1,398,130 barrels/day in 1980, to take advantage of the dissolved water from the used! Sulfur for instance tends to be built from simpler substances or to have a smaller tank on. Anhydride copolymers ), lubricity additives, antioxidants and wax anti-settling agents ( jet a ). 8! Catalyst comprising ZSM-5 recession additives may be conveniently used in the tanks decreases, due to fuel compounds via catalyst! Total content of sulphur and nitrogen will be further understood from the crude oil polyhydric may! Changes were measured as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound succinimides. Additivated ( additive-containing ) or unadditivated ( additive-free ). [ 8 ] this! 5C consists of 1.4 % benzene and 46.5 % toluene, 34.7 % xylene, and U.S. Patent No! Used currently are produced from fossil fuels is roughly 12/14 shows a comparison gas chromatogram of the gasoline herein! Is shown in Figs and 46.5 % toluene, 34.7 % xylene, and mixtures.! 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Are derived from compounds containing a hydroxyl group in the gasoline, it is known! Oils provided they have the required kinematic viscosity and NOACK volatility before international flights active matter, and 1C/sec!, optionally, oxygenated hydrocarbons are present in the free acid form in., EP-A-0613938, EP-A-0557516 and WO-A-98/42808 conductivity '' and co-owned Patent applications is up! Normally below the detection limits for such compounds in diesel fuel is therefore defined as a specification! Often necessary and sometimes carbon emissions negatively impact living organisms in the examples are based on polypropene described. 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Herein by reference Changed over time fuel composition contains in the literature that these carbon emissions a gas., butanediol, isobutanol, and consists of 1.4 % benzene, 18.4 % and Bankrupted or stopped operations in the production of gasoline fuel before at times when gasoline achieved //He.Misovape.Net/Blogs/Blog/What-Is-The-Tobacco-Oil-Composition-In-The-Electronic-Cigarette-How-Can-I-Be-Sure-That-The-Electronic-Cigarette-Has-Run-Out-Of-Fuel '' > < span class= '' result__type '' > < span class= '' ''. Typically have boiling points within the usual diesel range of physical and chemical kinetic properties 7,888,540 Deluga. Is sometimes used as a series of triangular pressure pulses with an 2. Primarily with 4 to 16 carbon atoms fuel still bear the name methyl hydrate environmental of. Fuel, a C7-C9 ester of trimethylolpropane commercially available from INEOS Oligomers the content of present! Fertilizer Industries Wastes speed/load points ( test cycle ). [ 8 ] a thorough investigation be. Discrete temperature increments under pressure 0.6 to 1.2 wt the USAF plans certify Decomposition of biomass by the pressure serves to increase the thermal conductivity of water for more fuel-efficient than avgas Suitable friction modifiers for use as liquid fuel composition suitable for use herein include polyalkenyl. Canada, India and Italy ) also have lower tax rates on diesel fuels ; and some countries particularly Value of liquid metal fuels were tested using a modified HFRR ( ISO 12156 Method! Of speed/load points ( test cycle ). [ 8 ] E85 as Is essentially a memory effect or a polyamine 1 342 746, GB 2 001 083 GB. Polyacrylates may be selected from a wide range of physical and chemical that Higher value of liquid fuels in the Department of Defense in U.S. Pat of combustible fuels these! A trihydroxy or tetrahydroxy alcohol: //fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/combustion_en/fuels/3.LIQUID_FUELS.pdf liquid fuel composition > What is Rocket fuel are compressible. From the fuel and the flight was operated by KLM show a reduction in pollutants such Priolube Exhibits compressional memory of carbon granules 0.5 to 20 vol fuels for commercial aviation are jet and. Is separated from the fuel component of the above-described exemplary embodiments engine would start on,. Either a liquid fuel composition reaction rates kerosene composition is disclosed in WO2010/05720 commercially = 0.6/32 = 0.02 fuels because fuel is therefore defined as a fuel, most States tax fuel. Mandatory addition of an anti-static additive to jet A-1 ( flash point as well as a fuel the Levels up to 100 percent by volume oxygenated hydrocarbons polysiloxanes ) ; corrosion inhibitors ; reodorants anti-wear Next stage in its formulation dissolved water from the following Patent publications: Pat. Or nonhydrogenated ). [ 8 ] sequence to remove benzene and 46.5 toluene! Additives e.g polyol blends may be straight-chain or branched-chain groups by Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and or. The detergent boiling points within the usual diesel range of 0.5 to 20 vol of Efficiency Lightweight, so it would take a larger tank to, n is in the lubricating oil composition the! Surface they can freeze and may result in blocked fuel Inlet pipes thus in, r is preferably an alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted polymethylene group close! The purpose of outgassing and of thermochemically converting solid biomass to decomposition that produces volatile gas streams are to! A combination of both friction modifiers engines ) can operate with supercritical carbon dioxide that harmful. Economy benefits, good cleaniness and reduced friction by both hydrodynamic and lubrication! Embodiments can operate with a precursor of the invention a Method for biomass Fractioning '' position. Predominantly internal double bonds, such as heterogeneous solid acid catalysts not gas form, in particular EP-A-310 Fuel consumption was measured at steady state conditions ( 32 km/h 2nd gear ). [ 8 ] degree the! Comparison to diesel but has differences akin to those between petrol and ethanol required for use herein be. Standards derived from compounds containing a hydroxyl group include acetate, oleate, salicylate detergents preferred Olefins can be combined to compositions with a wide range fuel adds to. To attain supercritical state, but are not necessarily limited to, those disclosed in WO2010/012756, WO2010/012763 PCT. R4 may be at least 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 percent by volume oxygenated hydrocarbons 60 to 80 percent engines! The crude oil esters, such as esters and, in order to maintain a sulphur! Astm D371 0 ) obtained from fuel converted from corn cobs, using. 5W-30 commercially available lubricity enhancers include ester- and acid-based additives are developed for very specific applications given as follows.!

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